There are hundreds of species of bamboo. But the number of varieties sold in garden centres tends to be quite small. If you've seen the mother plant, then that may give you a good idea of its ultimate size.
You say you pulled up a young shoot. That does sound a bit onimous, as though the plant is keen to spread itself around. And you've very helpfully cooperated with it, by taking its offspring back to your own garden.
The most popular bamboo, the one most often recommended on TV shows and readily available in garden centes is Golden Bamboo, (Phyllostachys aurea), and the closey related black variety (Phyllostachys nigra). Neither of those are invasive bamboos. Although they are both unsuitable for small gardens, IMO, simply because they grow so tall, and also tend to flop. Planting in a pot can help to keep them small.
Another common bamboo is Sasa palmata. This is very popular because it has large paddle like leaves, and does appeal to people who want a tropical look. It does have a very distinctive appearance. This leaf image from wiki...
This one definitely is invasive, and should not be planted in open soil in a small garden. That is the one to beware of.